| Central figures | |
| Key scripture | |
| Kitáb-i-Aqdas · Kitáb-i-Íqán |
|
| Institutions | |
|
Administrative Order |
|
| History | |
| Notable individuals | |
|
Shoghi Effendi |
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| See also | |
|
Symbols · Laws |
Bahá'í orthography refers to the standardized system of Romanization of the Persian or Arabic words and names contained in the literature of the Bahá'í Faith. The set of guidelines uses certain accents and dots when transliterating the Arabic script that allows for a near-accurate representation of the original nouns.
Bahá'ís use a particular and fairly precise system standardized by Shoghi Effendi, which he initiated in a general letter on March 20, 1925.[1] The Bahá'í transliteration scheme was based on a standard adopted by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists which took place in Geneva in September 1894. Shoghi Effendi changed some details of the Congress's system, most notably in the use of digraphs in certain cases (e.g. sh instead of š), and in incorporating the solar letters when writing the definite article al- (Arabic: ال) according to pronunciation (e.g. ar-Raḥím, as-Ṣaddíq, instead of al-Raḥím, al-Ṣaddíq).
| Arabic letter | Arabic Name | Transliteration | Value (IPA) [a] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | alif | á, a | /aː/; and others (Arabic) |
| ب | bá' | b | [b] |
| ت | tá' | t | /t/ |
| ث | thá' | th | /θ/ (Arabic); [s] (Persian) |
| ج | jím | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| ح | ḥá' | ḥ | /ħ/ (Arabic); [h] (Persian) |
| خ | khá' | kh | /x/ |
| د | dál | d | /d/ |
| ذ | dhál | dh | /ð/ (Arabic); [z] (Persian) |
| ر | rá' | r | /r/ |
| ز | záy | z | [z] |
| س | sín | s | [s] |
| ش | shín | sh | [ʃ] |
| ص | ṣád | ṣ | /sˤ/ (Arabic); [s] (Persian) |
| ض | ḍád | ḍ | /dˤ/ (Arabic); [z] (Persian) |
| ط | ṭá' | ṭ | /tˤ/ (Arabic); [t] (Persian) |
| ظ | ẓá' | ẓ | /ðˤ/ (Arabic); [z] (Persian) |
| ع | `ayn | ` | /ʕ/ (Arabic); [ʔ] (Persian) |
| غ | ghayn | gh | /ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ]~[ɢ] (Persian) |
| ف | fá' | f | [f] |
| ق | qáf | q | /q/ (Arabic); [ɢ]~[ɣ] (Persian) |
| ك ک (Persian) |
káf | k | [k] |
| ل | lám | l | [l] |
| م | mím | m | [m] |
| ن | nún | n | [n] |
| ه | há' | h | [h] |
| و | wáw | ú, w, v | /uː/; [w] (Arabic); [v] (Persian) |
| ي [b] ی (Persian) |
yá' | í, y | /iː/, [j] |
The following are not actually full letters, but rather phonemic diacritics or different orthographical shapes for letters. (Used in Arabic language only)
| Arabic letter | Arabic Name | Transliteration | Value [a] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ء | hamzah | ' | [ʔ] |
| آ | alif maddah | 'á | /ʔaː/ |
| ة | tá' marbúṭah | h / t | /a/, /at/ |
| ى | alif maqṣúrah | á | /aː/ |
Since the Bahá'ís adopted their system in 1927, Middle Eastern scholars have modified the standard academic system adopted in 1894 in various ways, and have created a separate, related system for writing Persian (a principal change being use of e and o to write certain vowels, which have a different sound in Persian than in Arabic). The Bahá'í system, however, has now been used to print thousands of books and thousands of pamphlets and booklets in dozens of languages, hence modifying it would create confusion and force authors to use two different spelling systems (one in passages being quoted exactly, the other in the rest of the text). For this reason, many academics have come to accept and use the Bahá'í system.
According to Bahá'í transliteration standards, the correct forms used in the writings of the Bahá'í Faith referring to its name and central figures are "Bahá'í," "Bahá'ís," "Báb," "Bahá'u'lláh," and "`Abdu'l-Bahá'." Because of typographic limitations, the forms "Bahai," "Bahais," "Bab," and "Bahaullah" are often used as a common spelling and are satisfactory for certain electronic uses.